Electromagnetics

COURSE OBJECTIVES
To impart a good working knowledge of the fundamental laws of static and dynamic electric and magnetic fields and to provide exposure to generation, transmission and measurement techniques involving electromagnetic fields and waves.

1.0 Introduction: (2 hours)
1.1 Coordinate systems
1.2 Scalar and vector fields
1.3 Operations on scalar and vector fields

2.0 Electrostatic Fields in Free Space: (2 hours)
2.1 Coulomb’s law
2.2 Electric intensity
2.3 Electric flux density
2.4 Field lines
2.5 Graphical portrayal of fields

3.0 Gauss’s Law in Integral Form and Applications: (2 hours)
3.1 Conductors, insulators, semiconductors
3.2 Boundary conditions at a conductor surface

4.0 Concept of Divergence: (2 hours)
4.1 Transition from macroscopic to microscopic description
4.2 Divergence theorem
4.3 Gauss’s law in point form and applications

5.0 Electric Energy and Potential: (2 hours)
5.1 Gradient of a scalar point function
5.2 Electric intensity as the negative gradient of a scalar potential
5.3 Conservative fields
5.4 Electric energy density
5.5 Applications

6.0 Electrostatic Fields in Material Media: (2 hours)
6.1 Polarization
6.2 Free and bound charge densities
6.3 Relative permittivity
6.4 Capacitance calculations
6.5 Boundary conditions at the interface between two media
6.6 Applications

7.0 Boundary Value Problems in Electrostatics: (4 hours)
7.1 Laplace’s and Poisson’s equations
7.2 The uniqueness theorem
7.3 One-dimensional boundary value problems
7.4 Two-dimensional boundary value problems
7.5 Separation of variables
7.6 Cut-and-try method
7.7 Relaxation methods, numerical integration
7.8 Graphical field plotting
7.9 Capacitance calculations

8.0 Current and Current Density: (1 hour)
8.1 Conservation of charge
8.2 Continuity equation
8.3 Relaxation time constant
8.4 Applications

9.0 Time-Invariant Magnetic Fields: (3 hours)
9.1 Biot-Savart’s law
9.2 Magnetic intensity and magnetic induction
9.3 Ampere’s law in integral form
9.4 Applications

10.0 Concept of Curl: (3 hours)
10.1 Curl components as circulations per unit area
10.2 Stokes’ theorem
10.3 Ampere’s law in point form
10.4 Scalar and vector magnetic potentials
10.5 Boundary value problems and applications

11.0 Magnetic Forces and Torque: (1 hours)
11.1 Magnetic fields in material media
11.2 Relative permeability
11.3 Boundary conditions
11.4 Magnetic circuits

12.0 Quasi-Static Fields: (2 hours)
12.1 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
12.2 Applications

13.0 Electrodynamic Fields: (2 hours)
13.1 Inadequacy of Ampere’s law derived for direct currents
13.2 Conflict with the continuity equation
13.3 Maxwell’s postulate of displacement current
13.4 Maxwell’s equations in integral and point forms
13.5 Examples

14.0 Wave Equations: (3 hours)
14.1 Uniform plane waves in dissipative media
14.2 Polarization
14.3 Wave impedance
14.4 Skin effect
14.5 A. C. resistance
14.6 Poynting vector
14.7 Reflection and refraction at the interface between two media
14.8 Reflection coefficient
14.9 Standing wave ratio
14.10 Impedance matching
14.11 Quarter wave transformer

15.0 Retarded Potentials: (2 hours)
15.1 Radiation from a dipole antenna
15.2 Wave guides

16.0 Transmission Lines: (8 hours)
16.1 Coaxial, single conductor/earth, two conductor lines
16.2 Field and lumped circuit equivalents
16.3 Characteristic impedance
16.4 Travelling and standing waves, reflection, termination impedance matching
16.5 Short and long lines
16.6 ABCD or h parameters, Y and Z parameters
16.7 Power and signal transmission capability of lines

Laboratory:
1.0 Teledeltos (electro-conductive) paper mapping of electrostatic fields
2.0 Determination of dielectric constant, display of a magnetic Hysterisis loop
3.0 Studies of wave propagation on a lumped parameter transmission line
4.0 Microwave sources, detectors, transmission lines
5.0 Standing wave patterns on transmission lines, reflections, power patterns on transmission lines, reflections, power measurement
6.0 Magnetic field measurements in a static magnetic circuit, inductance, leakage flux

References:
1.0 W.H. Hayt, “Engineering Electromagnetic”, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
2.0 J. D. Kraus and K.R. Carver, “Electromagnetics”, prentice Hall Inc., New York.
3.0 N. Rao, “Elements of Engineering Electromagnetics”